Brain Hologram Metaphor Essay Research Paper Brain free essay sample

Brain ( Hologram ) Metaphor Essay, Research Paper Brain ( holograph ) Metaphor I. Introduction -Brain would be an obvious metaphor for organisation peculiarly if our concern is to better capacities for organisational intelligence. -Brain has been compared with a holographic system, one of the wonders of optical maser scientific discipline -Holography uses a lenseless camera to enter information in a manner that shops the whole in all the parts -interacting beams of light create an intervention form that scatters the information being recorded on a photographic home base, known as a holograph, which can so be illuminated to animate the original information. -one of the interesting characteristics of the holograph is that if it # 8217 ; s broken, any individual piece can be used to retrace the full image. -everything is enfolded into everything else. -holography demonstrates in a really concrete manner that it is possible to make procedures where the whole can be encoded in all the parts, so that each and every portion represents the whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain Hologram Metaphor Essay Research Paper Brain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ii. Brains and organisations as holographic systems -holographic character of the encephalon is most clearly reflected in the forms of connectivity through which each nervus cell is connected with 100s of 1000s of others, leting a system of working that is both generalised and specialised. Different parts of the encephalon seem to specialise in different activities, but the control and executing of specific behaviours is by no agencies every bit localized as was one time thought. Therefore, while we can separate between the maps performed by the cerebral mantle ( the captain or maestro contriver which controls all nonroutine activity, and possibly memory ) , the cerebellum ( the computing machine or automatic pilot taking attention of everyday activity ) , and the mid-brain ( the centre of feelings, odor, and emotion ) , we are obliged to acknowledge that they are all closely mutualist and capable of moving on behalf of each other when necessary. We besides know that right and left encephalons combine to bring forth forms of idea, and that the differentiation between the maps of these hemispheres as the spheres of originative and analytic capacities is accompanied by more general forms of connectivity. For illustration, the originative or analogical right encephalon is amply joined to the limbic system and the emotions. The rule of connectivity and generalised map is besides reflected in the manner nerve cells serve both as communicating channels and as a venue of specific activity or memory callback. It is believed that each nerve cell may be every bit complex as a little computing machine and capable of hive awaying huge sums of information. The form of rich connectivity between nerve cells allows coincident processing of information in different parts of the encephalon, a receptiveness to different sorts of information at one and the same clip, and an astonishing capacity to be cognizant of what is traveling on elsewhere. The secret of the encephalon # 821 7 ; s capacities seems to depend more on this connectivity, which is the footing of holographic diffusion, than of distinction of construction. The encephalon is composed of insistent units of the same sort ( there may merely be three basic types of encephalon cell ) , so that we find different maps being sustained by really similar constructions. The importance of connectivity in accounting for complexness of operation is besides reinforced by comparings between homo and animate being encephalons. For illustration, elephants have much larger encephalons than worlds, but they are by no agencies so amply joined. An interesting facet of his connectivity rests in the fact it creates a much greater grade of cross-connection and exchange than may be needed at any given clip. However, this redundancy is important for making holographic potency and for guaranting flexibleness in operation. The redundancy allows the encephalon to run in a probabilistic instead than a deterministic mode, all ows considerable room to suit random mistake, and creates an extra capacity that allows new activities and maps to develop. In other words, it facilitates the procedure of self-organisation whereby internal construction and operation can germinate along with altering fortunes. This self-organizing capacity has been demonstrated in legion ways. For illustration, when encephalon harm occurs it is non uncommon for different countries of the encephalon to take on the maps which have been impaired. The encephalon has this astonishing capacity to form and reorganise itself to cover with the eventualities it faces. Experiments have shown that the more we engage in a specific activity, e.g. playing tennis, typing, or reading, the more the encephalon adjusts itself to ease the sort of operation required. The simple thought that # 8220 ; pattern makes perfect # 8221 ; is underwritten by a complex capacity for self-organisation whereby the encephalon forges or revisions forms of neural activ ity. For illustration, experiments where monkeys were trained to utilize a finger to press a lever 1000s of times a twenty-four hours showed that the countries of the encephalon commanding that finger increased in size and changed in organisation. Our consciousness leads us to see the encephalon as a system which, in no little step, has played an of import function in planing itself in the class of development. Now, to our basic job: how can we utilize these penetrations about the holographic character of the encephalon to make organisations that are able to larn and self-organize in the mode of a encephalon? Our treatment provides many hints. For illustration, it suggests that by constructing forms of rich connectivity between similar parts we can make systems that are both specialised and generalized, and that are capable of reorganising internal construction and map as they learn to run into the challenges posed by new demands. The holographic rule has a great trade running in it s favour. For the capacities of the encephalon are already distributed throughout modern organisations. All the employees have encephalons, and computing machines are in kernel fake encephalons. In this sense, of import facets of the whole are already embodied in the parts. The development of more holographic, brainlike signifiers of organisation therefore rests in the realisation of a possible that already exists. III. Facilitating Self-organization: Principles of Holographic Design Get the whole into the parts. Create connectivity and redundancy. Create coincident specialisation and generalisation. Make a capacity to self-organize. These are things that have to be done to make holographic organisation. Our undertaking now is to analyze the agencies. Much can be learned from the manner the encephalon is organized, and much can be learned from cybernetic rules. Four interacting rules ( see chart ) The rule of excess map shows a agency of edifice wholes into parts by making redundanc y, connectivity, and coincident specialisation and generalisation. The rule of needed assortment helps to supply practical guidelines for the design of part-whole dealingss by demoing precisely how much of the whole demands to be built into a given portion. And the rules of larning to larn and minimum critical specification demo how we can heighten capacities for self-organisation. Any system with an ability to self-organize must hold an component of redundancy: a signifier of extra capacity which, suitably designed and used, creates room for manoeuvre. Without such redundancy, a system has no existent capacity to reflect on and oppugn how it is runing, and therefore to alter its manner of working in constructive ways. In other words, it has no capacity for intelligence in the sense of being able to set action to take history of alterations in the nature of relationships within which the action is set. Australian systems theoretician Fred Emery has suggested that there are two metho ds for planing redundancy into a system. The first involves redundancy of parts, where each portion is exactly designed to execute a specific map, particular parts being added to the system for the intent of control and to endorse up or replace operating parts whenever they fail. This design rule is mechanistic and the consequence is typically a hierarchal construction where one portion is responsible for commanding another. If we look around the organisational universe it is easy to see grounds of this sort of redundancy: the supervisor who spends his or her clip guaranting that others are working ; the care squad that # 8220 ; bases by # 8221 ; waiting for jobs to originate ; the employee lazily ephemeral clip because there # 8217 ; s no work to make ; employee X go throughing a petition to colleague Y # 8220 ; because that # 8217 ; s his occupation non mine # 8221 ; ; the quality accountant seeking for defects which, under a different system, could much more easy be rectifi ed by those who produced them. Under this design principle the capacity for redesign and alteration of the system rests with the parts assigned this map ; for illustration, production applied scientists, be aftering squads, and systems interior decorators. Such systems are organized and can be reorganized, but they have small capacity to self-organize. The 2nd design method incorporates a redundancy of maps. Alternatively of trim parts being added to a system, excess maps are added to each of the operating parts, so that each portion is able to prosecute in a scope of maps instead than merely execute a individual specialised activity. An illustration of this design rule is found in organisations using independent work groups, where members get multiple accomplishments so that they are able to execute each other # 8217 ; s occupations and replacement for each other as the demand arises. At any one clip, each member possesses accomplishments that are excess in the sense that they are non being used for the occupation at manus. However, this organisational design possesses flexibleness and a capacity for reorganisation within each and every portion of the system. Systems based on excess maps are holographic in that capacities relevant for the operation of the whole are built into the parts. This creates a wholly new relationship between portion and whole. In a design based on redundant parts, e.g. an assembly line where production worker, supervisors, efficiency experts, and quality accountants have fixed functions to execute, the whole is the amount of predesigned parts. In the holographic design, on the other manus, the parts reflect the nature of the whole, since they take their specific form at any one clip in relation to the eventualities and jobs originating in the entire state of affairs. When a job arises on an assembly-line it is typically viewed as # 8220 ; person else # 8217 ; s job, # 8221 ; since those runing the line frequently do non cognize, c are about, or have the authorization to cover with the jobs posed. Remedial action has to be initiated and controlled from elsewhere. A grade of passiveness and disregard is therefore built into the system. This contrasts with systems based on excess maps, where the nature of one # 8217 ; s occupation is set by the altering form of demands with which 1 is covering. Acerate leaf to state, the two design rules create qualitatively different relationships between people and their work. Under a system of excess parts engagement is partial and instrumental, and under the rule of excess map more holistic and all-absorbing. In implementing this sort of organisational design one inevitably runs into the inquiry, how much redundancy should be built into any given portion? While the holographic rule suggests that we should seek and construct everything into everything else, in many human systems this is an impossible ideal. For illustration, in many modern organisations the scope of cognitio n and accomplishments required is such that it is impossible for everybody to go skilled in everything. So what do we make? It is here that the thought of needed assortment becomes of import. This is the rule, originally formulated by the English cybernetician W. Ross Ashby, that suggests that the internal diverseness of any self-acting system must fit the assortment and complexness of its environment if it is to cover with the challenges posed by that environment. Or to set the affair somewhat otherwise, any control system must be as varied and complex as the environment being controlled. In the context of holographic design, this means that all elements of an organisation should incarnate critical dimensions of the environment with which they have to cover, so that they can self-organize to get by with the demands they are likely to confront. The rule of needed assortment therefore gives clear guidelines as to how the rule of excess maps would be applied. It suggests that redundan cy ( assortment ) should ever be built into a system where it is straight needed, instead than at a distance. This means that close attending must be paid to the boundary dealingss between organisational units and their environments, to guarantee that needed assortment ever falls within the unit in inquiry. What is the nature of the environment being faced? Can all the accomplishments for covering with this environment be possessed by every person? If so, so construct around multifunctioned people, as in the theoretical account of the independent work group discussed earlier. If non, so construct around multifunctioned squads that jointly possess the needed accomplishments and abilities and where each single member is every bit generalized as possible, making a form of overlapping accomplishments and cognition bases in the squad overall. It is here that we find a agency of get bying with the job that everybody can # 8217 ; t be skilled in everything. Organization can be developed i n a cellular mode around self-organizing, multidisciplined groups that have the needed accomplishments and abilities to cover with the environment in a holistic and incorporate manner. The rule of needed assortment has of import deductions for the design of about every facet of organisation. Whether we are speaking about the creative activity of a corporate planning group, a research section, or a work group in a mill, it argues in favour of a proactive embrace of the environment in all its diverseness. Very frequently directors do the contrary, cut downing assortment in order to accomplish greater internal consensus. For illustration, corporate planning squads are frequently built around people who think along the same lines, instead than around a diverse set of stakeholders who can really stand for the complexness of the jobs with which the squad finally has to cover. The rules of excess maps and needed assortment create systems that have a capacity for self-organisation. For this capacity to be realized and to presume consistent way, nevertheless, two further forming rules besides have to be kept in head: the rules of minimal critical specification and of larning to larn. The first of these rules reverses the bureaucratic rule that organisational agreements need to be defined as cle arly and every bit exactly as possible. For in trying to form in this manner one eliminates the capacity for self-organisation. The rule of minimal critical specification suggests that directors and organisational interior decorators should chiefly follow a facilitating or orchestrating function, making â€Å"enabling conditions† that allow a system to happen its ain signifier. It therefore has close links with the thought of â€Å"inquiry-driven action, † discussed earlier. One of the advantages of the rule of excess maps is that it creates a great trade of internal flexibleness. The more one attempts to stipulate or predesign what should happen, the more one erodes this flexibleness. The rule of minimal critical specification efforts to continue flexibleness by proposing that, in general, one should stipulate no more than is perfectly necessary for a peculiar activity to happen. For illustration, in running a meeting it may be necessary to hold person to chair the mee ting and to take notes, but it is non necessary to commit the procedure and have a president and a secretary. Functions can be allowed to alter and germinate harmonizing to fortunes. In a group or undertaking bureaucratic forms of fixed hierarchal leading can be replaced by a heterarchical form, where the dominant component at any given clip depends on the entire state of affairs. Different people can take the enterprise on different occasions harmonizing to the part they are able to do. Alternatively of doing functions clear and separate, functions can be left intentionally equivocal and overlapping, so that they can be clarified through pattern and enquiry. The basic thought is to make a state of affairs where enquiry instead than predesign provides the chief drive force. This helps to maintain organisation flexible and diversified, while capable of germinating construction sufficient and appropriate to cover with the jobs that arise. The rule of minimal critical specification the refore helps continue the capacities for self-organisation that bureaucratic rules normally erode. The danger of such flexibleness, nevertheless, is that it has the possible to go helter-skelter. This is why the rule of larning to larn must be developed as a 4th component of holographic design. As will be recalled from earlier treatment, a system’s capacity for consistent self-regulation and command depends on its ability to prosecute in procedures of single- and double-loop acquisition. These allow a system to steer itself with mention to a set of coherent values or norms, while oppugning whether these norms provide an appropriate footing for steering behaviour. For a holographic system to get integrating and coherency and to germinate in response to altering demands, these larning capacities must be actively encouraged. In an independent work group, for illustration, members must both value the activities in which they are engaged and the merchandises that they produce, and remain unfastened to the sorts of larning that let them to oppugn, challenge, and alter the design of these activities and merchandises. Given that there are so few preset regulations for steering behaviour, way and coherency must come from the group members themselves as they set and honor the shared values and norms that evolve along with altering fortunes. One of the most of import maps of those responsible for planing and pull offing the sort of â€Å"enabling conditions† referred to earlier is that of assisting to make a context that fosters this sort of shared individuality and learning orientation. Herbert Simon has suggested that hierarchy is the adaptative signifier for finite intelligence to presume in the face of complexness. He illustrates this rule with a narrative of two horologists. Both make good tickers, but one is far more successful because alternatively of piecing the tickers piece by piece as if he were constructing a mosaic, he constructs his tickers by organizing subassemblies of approximately 10 parts each, which can so be joined with other subassemblies to make subsystems of a higher order. These can so be assembled to organize the complete ticker. In other words, the successful horologist has discovered the rule of hierarchy. By forming in this manner the horologist can exert great control over the procedure of assembly and digest frequent breaks and reverses. He can therefore accomplish a much greater rate of productiveness than his rival, who, when interrupted, has to get down all over once more. It can be shown mathematically that if the ticker comprises a 1000 parts, and the assembly procedure is interrupted an norm of one time in every hundred piecing operations, the mosaic method will take four 1000 times longer than the systems attack to piece a individual ticker. Simon uses the parable to exemplify the importance of hierarchy in complex systems, and to reason that systems will germinate much more quickly if there are s table intermediate signifiers. Cybernetician W. Ross Ashby has made the similar point that no complex adaptive system can win in accomplishing a steady province in a sensible period of clip unless the procedure can happen subsystem by subsystem, each subsystem being comparatively independent of the others. The same is true of self-organizing systems. If their organisation is wholly random they will take an about infinite sum of clip to finish any complex undertaking. If, nevertheless, they use their liberty to larn how to happen appropriate forms of connectivity, they can develop a singular ability to happen fresh and progressively progressive solutions to complex jobs. Such systems typically find and adopt a form graded in a hierarchal mode, in that sets of subsystems link to higher-order systems, but the form is emergent instead than imposed. The rules of holographic organisation effort to make the conditions through which such forms of order can emerge. Brain ( holograph ) Metaph or I. Introduction -Brain would be an obvious metaphor for organisation peculiarly if our concern is to better capacities for organisational intelligence. -Brain has been compared with a holographic system, one of the wonders of optical maser scientific discipline -Holography uses a lenseless camera to enter information in a manner that shops the whole in all the parts -interacting beams of light create an intervention form that scatters the information being recorded on a photographic home base, known as a holograph, which can so be illuminated to animate the original information. -one of the interesting characteristics of the holograph is that if it’s broken, any individual piece can be used to retrace the full image. -everything is enfolded into everything else. -holography demonstrates in a really concrete manner that it is possible to make procedures where the whole can be encoded in all the parts, so that each and every portion represents the whole. Ii. Brains and organ isations as holographic systems -holographic character of the encephalon is most clearly reflected in the forms of connectivity through which each nervus cell is connected with 100s of 1000s of others, leting a system of working that is both generalised and specialised. Different parts of the encephalon seem to specialise in different activities, but the control and executing of specific behaviours is by no agencies every bit localized as was one time thought. Therefore, while we can separate between the maps performed by the cerebral mantle ( the captain or maestro contriver which controls all nonroutine activity, and possibly memory ) , the cerebellum ( the computing machine or automatic pilot taking attention of everyday activity ) , and the mid-brain ( the centre of feelings, odor, and emotion ) , we are obliged to acknowledge that they are all closely mutualist and capable of moving on behalf of each other when necessary. We besides know that right and left encephalons combine to bring forth forms of idea, and that the differentiation between the maps of these hemispheres as the spheres of originative and analytic capacities is accompanied by more general forms of connectivity. For illustration, the originative or analogical right encephalon is amply joined to the limbic system and the emotions. The rule of connectivity and generalised map is besides reflected in the manner nerve cells serve both as communicating channels and as a venue of specific activity or memory callback. It is believed that each nerve cell may be every bit complex as a little computing machine and capable of hive awaying huge sums of information. The form of rich connectivity between nerve cells allows coincident processing of information in different parts of the encephalon, a receptiveness to different sorts of information at one and the same clip, and an astonishing capacity to be cognizant of what is traveling on elsewhere. The secret of the brain’s capacities seems to de pend more on this connectivity, which is the footing of holographic diffusion, than of distinction of construction. The encephalon is composed of insistent units of the same sort ( there may merely be three basic types of encephalon cell ) , so that we find different maps being sustained by really similar constructions. The importance of connectivity in accounting for complexness of operation is besides reinforced by comparings between homo and animate being encephalons. For illustration, elephants have much larger encephalons than worlds, but they are by no agencies so amply joined. An interesting facet of his connectivity rests in the fact it creates a much greater grade of cross-connection and exchange than may be needed at any given clip. However, this redundancy is important for making holographic potency and for guaranting flexibleness in operation. The redundancy allows the encephalon to run in a probabilistic instead than a deterministic mode, allows considerable room to sui t random mistake, and creates an extra capacity that allows new activities and maps to develop. In other words, it facilitates the procedure of self-organisation whereby internal construction and operation can germinate along with altering fortunes. This self-organizing capacity has been demonstrated in legion ways. For illustration, when encephalon harm occurs it is non uncommon for different countries of the encephalon to take on the maps which have been impaired. The encephalon has this astonishing capacity to form and reorganise itself to cover with the eventualities it faces. Experiments have shown that the more we engage in a specific activity, e.g. playing tennis, typing, or reading, the more the encephalon adjusts itself to ease the sort of operation required. The simple thought that â€Å"practice makes perfect† is underwritten by a complex capacity for self-organisation whereby the encephalon forges or revisions forms of neural activity. For illustration, experiment s where monkeys were trained to utilize a finger to press a lever 1000s of times a twenty-four hours showed that the countries of the encephalon commanding that finger increased in size and changed in organisation. Our consciousness leads us to see the encephalon as a system which, in no little step, has played an of import function in planing itself in the class of development. Now, to our basic job: how can we utilize these penetrations about the holographic character of the encephalon to make organisations that are able to larn and self-organize in the mode of a encephalon? Our treatment provides many hints. For illustration, it suggests that by constructing forms of rich connectivity between similar parts we can make systems that are both specialised and generalized, and that are capable of reorganising internal construction and map as they learn to run into the challenges posed by new demands. The holographic rule has a great trade running in its favour. For the capacities of t he encephalon are already distributed throughout modern organisations. All the employees have encephalons, and computing machines are in kernel fake encephalons. In this sense, of import facets of the whole are already embodied in the parts. The development of more holographic, brainlike signifiers of organisation therefore rests in the realisation of a possible that already exists. III. Facilitating Self-organization: Principles of Holographic Design Get the whole into the parts. Create connectivity and redundancy. Create coincident specialisation and generalisation. Make a capacity to self-organize. These are things that have to be done to make holographic organisation. Our undertaking now is to analyze the agencies. Much can be learned from the manner the encephalon is organized, and much can be learned from cybernetic rules. Four interacting rules ( see chart ) The rule of excess map shows a agency of edifice wholes into parts by making redundancy, connectivity, and coincident s pecialisation and generalisation. The rule of needed assortment helps to supply practical guidelines for the design of part-whole dealingss by demoing precisely how much of the whole demands to be built into a given portion. And the rules of larning to larn and minimum critical specification demo how we can heighten capacities for self-organisation. Any system with an ability to self-organize must hold an component of redundancy: a signifier of extra capacity which, suitably designed and used, creates room for manoeuvre. Without such redundancy, a system has no existent capacity to reflect on and oppugn how it is runing, and therefore to alter its manner of working in constructive ways. In other words, it has no capacity for intelligence in the sense of being able to set action to take history of alterations in the nature of relationships within which the action is set. Australian systems theoretician Fred Emery has suggested that there are two methods for planing redundancy into a system. The first involves redundancy of parts, where each portion is exactly designed to execute a specific map, particular parts being added to the system for the intent of control and to endorse up or replace operating parts whenever they fail. This design rule is mechanistic and the consequence is typically a hierarchal construction where one portion is responsible for commanding another. If we look around the organisational universe it is easy to see grounds of this sort of redundancy: the supervisor who spends his or her clip guaranting that others are working ; the care squad that â€Å"stands by† waiting for jobs to originate ; the employee lazily ephemeral clip because there’s no work to make ; employee X go throughing a petition to colleague Y â€Å"because that’s his occupation non mine† ; the quality accountant seeking for defects which, under a different system, could much more easy be rectified by those who produced them. Under this design p rinciple the capacity for redesign and alteration of the system rests with the parts assigned this map ; for illustration, production applied scientists, be aftering squads, and systems interior decorators. Such systems are organized and can be reorganized, but they have small capacity to self-organize. The Se 337