Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol from Benzophenone

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol from Benzophenone Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize the tertiary alcohol triphenylmethanol from a Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide. The Grignard reagent was synthesized from bromobenzene and magnesium and then reacted with benzophenone to produce triphenylmethanol. It was important that water be excluded from the reaction, in order to prevent the formation of benzene. The reaction of phenyl magnesium bromide and benzophenone was quenched with sulfuric acid, and an extraction was performed in order to separate the organic phase containing the triphenylmethanol from the aqueous phase. The triphenlmethanol was then isolated and purified by crystallization and†¦show more content†¦The magnesium and bromobenzene mixture in the flask did not become cloudy, even after the addition of a crystal of iodine. On the second attempt at synthesizing the Grignard, after adding a crystal of iodine to start the reaction, the mixture in the flask did begin to grow cloudy a nd small bubbles arose from the surface of the magnesium, indicating the start of the reaction. As the reaction progressed, the flask became increasingly cloudy and was slightly brownish in color from the iodine. Some bits of magnesium still remained at the bottom of the flask after about half an hour or 45 minutes, indicating that the Grignard reaction was not complete, but the benzophenone was added anyway due to time constraints. The solution became bright pink and after several minutes of swirling the flask at room temperature, it became a whitish pink color. The solution also became a thicker consistency, though it appeared to still be liquid for the most part. Because of this thick consistency, some of the product may have been lost when poured into the sulfuric acid/ice water solution, even with the addition of ether to try to rinse it out from the flask. After performing the extraction and washes, the triphenylmethanol, biphenyl, and ether solution appeared to be a clea r yellowish liquid. In performing the crystallization in the hood,Show MoreRelatedGrignard Reaction1125 Words   |  5 PagesLab #5: Grignard Reaction – Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol John Kang Chem 152L Performed: 7/20/04 Date submitted: ________________ Lab Partners: Sang Lee, Vicky Lai TA: John Stanko Abstract: This experiment explored the synthesis of triphenylmethanol through the use of Grignard reagents. The percent yield of the product was 10% on a relatively humid day. The melting point was calculate to be 127.2oC with a literature value of 162oC. An IR spectrum of the product was taken and usedRead MoreThe Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol3162 Words   |  13 Pagespurpose of this lab was to synthesize triphenylmethanol from benzophenone and bromobenzene by the formation of a Grignard compound with the reagents bromobenzene and magnesium metal. The bromobenzene was first transformed into the Grignard compound and was then reacted with the benzophenone to make the final product. The mixture was then mixed with sulfuric acid and the organic layer was extracted via a separatory funnel. The mixture was then recrystallized from methanol and was allowed to dry andRead MoreGrignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay5146 Words   |  21 PagesThe Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Organic Chemistry Lab II March 19, 2012 Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize the Grignard reagent, phenyl magnesium bromide, and then use the manufactured Grignard reagent to synthesize the alcohol, triphenylmethanol, by reacting with benzophenone and protonation by H3O+. The triphenylmethanol was purified by recrystallization. The melting point, Infrared Spectroscopy, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR were used to characterize and confirmRead MoreOrganic 2 Lab Report6389 Words   |  26 Pagesspectroscopy. The unknown ketone is from a homologous series of methyl ketones. CH3CO (CH2) nCH3 The first step in the lab is the preparation of the solvent used in the developing chamber for thin layer chromatography. The solvent used is a 3:1 mixture of toluene and petroleum. After the developing chamber is prepared, it is essential to begin preparation of the unknown DNPH derivative[6]. The preparation of the 1,2 DNPH derivative of a ketone is in fact a small organic synthesis which produces a fraction

Public Relations for Whistle Blowing and Its Ethical Dilemmas

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relationsfor Whistle Blowing and Its Ethical Dilemmas. Answer: Introduction Whistle blowing is the situation in which one draws the attention of the public or people in authority to some acts or behaviors perceived to be of misconduct or any activity that is unethical either in the private or public sectors. Some of the common misconducts highlighted by a whistle blower may include but not limited to bullying, fraud, corruption, violation of health and safety rules and discrimination. When an employee blows a whistle he/she is likely to suffer reprisal from the employer because the employer is meant to suffer reputational damage. The said employees colleagues also reprise him/her once the out of conduct behaviors are brought to the public (Devine and Maassarani, 2008). These reprisals may turn into persecution when they are so severe and they may arise from legal channels in some cases especially when the whistle is blown to address illegitimate reasons. Concept of Whistle Blowing This concept has been in existence for many years however its not known by many because of the consequences and dilemmas that come with being a while blower. It takes a bold person that believes in a just society to do the whistle blowing knowing very well whatever awaits them after the act. Its therefore very important for the legal system to protect a whistle blower who in most cases means good for the society. They are the voice of the voiceless. For example in the UK the whistle blowers are protected under the public interest disclosure act 1998. Initially these disclosures were in the public interest but following the enactment of a new legislation in June 2013 the disclosures are currently done only in good faith (Salter, 2007). Its a requirement that all employers adopt a policy for whistle blowing so that employees are encouraged to bring to the public attention the risky behaviors or any wrong doings. With a strong whistle blowing policy in any organization legal actions can be taken easily against any company that seem to be tolerating internal wrongdoings. With the adoption of a whistleblower policy there are laws that protect the whistleblowers from losing their jobs after reporting misconduct within the organization or even against mistreatment. Such laws include the whistleblower protection act (Cassematis and Wortley, 2013). The misconducts reported may be past, ongoing or under planning. There exist internal and external whistleblowers. For the internal whistle blowing is where the whistleblower reports the wrong act to someone within the organization while for the external whistle blowing the misconduct is reported by the whistleblower to an authority outside the organization like the law enforcem ent organizations. The type of whistle blowing also determines a whistleblower (Brennan and Kelly, 2007). Federal Whistle Blowers These are employees of the government that expose the misconducts of their bosses or the employees from the private sector that report their bosses misconducts. The misconducts have to be committed in line with the federal government. In this case the employees are protected by the act. The employee is protected from any acts of retaliation once they report any misconduct voluntarily (Davis, 2012). The government therefore does not issue any threats of taking action against the employee. Thus with such reporting there is no demotion, firing, suspensions, threats, harassments or even any forms of discrimination against the whistleblower. This protection law and the whistle blowing act have been in existence for quite some years and for example Peter Buxtun was able to discover and reveal the information about the federal government regarding some medical issues. The government had purposely denied black men treatment that suffered from syphilis despite there being medication. This was done so as to ensure they die and their bodies used for autopsy research. This led to close to 400 men participation in this without their knowledge. An ethical complaint was then filled by Buxtun with the government twice where nothing was done until he chose to turn to media houses to reach out to the public (Zhang et al., 2009). This led to the end of such medical experiments. This was something that was profoundly morally wrong according to President Bill Clinton and he termed it as a clear racism act. Corporate Whistleblowers Private businesses are also encouraged to report any misconduct at work places. Such whistleblowers are employed by corporate companies and other private entities and their main role is to make a disclosure on the regulatory or statutory violation by their employers. For instance in 2001 Sherron Watkin an employee or a company called Enron made some discoveries on accounting irregularities in a situation where the company purposely inflated the cost of its stock. With this kind of deceit many people lost their jobs and their investments. This action by Sherron saved on many more losses that were set to be incurred (Malek, 2007). These kinds of whistleblowers get their protection from the corporate and criminal fraud accountability act which is a subset of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the USA. Such laws have been found to encourage whistle blowing because employees feel protected and thus encouraged to make such disclosures (Skivenes and Trygstad, 2010). In fact retaliation has been made a federal crime in some countries like USA. People who chose to be actively engaged in whistle blowing as it has been seen are protected by some laws and therefore no need for tension whatsoever. However these laws vary across nations and are thus referred to as patchworks. The False Claim Act This is the most famous act and was enacted in 1863 and up to date its still being used. In this law a private individual is given permission to initiate a lawsuit against any business that may have committed fraud to the federal government. With this act the whistleblower is allowed to collect some percentage of money that may be awarded as a result of their whistle blowing and he/she is protected a dismissal that may be wrong (Gentile, 2010). In such lawsuits the whistleblower is a secret informant of the government and they are highly paid to carry out such investigations before blowing a whistle. Why Whistle Blowing could be Considered an Ethical Dilemma The revelations of an insider whistleblower are likely to have some big impacts on the society at large compared to as when its an outsider exposing the same misconduct (Park and Blenkinsopp, 2009). This is because an insider whistleblower has good knowledge of how the organization operates and therefore better placed when it comes to getting information that is confidential compared to someone from outside. Its therefore possible for a whistleblower to expose misdeeds in a way that is very effective and also efficient. However In most cases this whistle blowing comes as an attack that is of surprise to the organization in question or even the government to an extent that they may not have expected some of its effects at all. In other way the whistleblower may not be able to anticipate or even predict the consequences of taking such actions both to them and the wrongdoer. Whistle blowing is therefore one of the most important topics in regards to business ethics and therefore worth being examined (Macey, 2009). In as much as most critics believe that the decision to blow a whistle has consequences on the blower and their families its still necessary to have considerations of how this act can be justified so as to do away with unnecessary consequences. In essence whistle blowing has been viewed as disloyalty and damage of the organizations image. This is because such individuals are taken as though acting against some corporate rules like do not leak confidential information, do not cause disorder and do not harm the pride or trust of an organization. An advice is thus provided by Devine and Maassarani to any whistleblower to be certain of their objectives of blowing a whistle on any matter and such object ives may include but not limited to having the desire to ensure the public is protected from harm and being a good citizen (Park, 2007). Therefore as stated by De George (1993) any whistle blower can only be justified following some facts; 1) if a serious and considerable harm to the public is foreseen as a result of the misconduct. 2) The threat of the harm had previously been reported to the seniors but no action taken. 3) There is no other way the whistleblower can solve the problem arising from the misdeed. 4) The person has enough evidence and good reason to blow the whistle. The said facts then justify the need to blow a whistle and thus the blower needs protection. However some critics feel that these facts are subjective, very broad and are of internal justification although unbiased opinions can still be conducted (Varelius, 2009). Any prospective whistleblower needs to assess whether the act would be justified at the end because there will be no one to share their responsibilities. Even with self conviction that the act is justified no society will accept it in totality. Any whistleblower is therefore left with the dilemma of expectations for possible damages that result from whistle blowing. With such expectations of dire consequences of their acts then whistleblowers especially corporate ones should take time to carefully analyze their decisions before embarking on the mission to release sensitive information. They should clearly weigh their obligations that are both moral and ethical in relation to their well being. In real sense most whistleblowers have had to deal with severe retaliations because some of the people from the public believe its an act of betrayal (Nayyar, 2009). The impacts of anti-whistleblowers should be addressed with the seriousness it deserves. They should not at any cost be allowed to label whistleblowers as trouble makers who are disloyal. This is because they make the rest of the society to believe that the whistleblower is the problem in the whole scenario. They even attribute all the unfortunate events caused by the whis tle blowing act to the whistleblowers in totally. There is therefore the need to provide an opinion that is suitable in supporting the vulnerability of a whistleblower. There is need to examine each situation of whistle blowing individually because they are never the same (Hwang, et al., 2008). The advocacy organizations therefore play important roles in ensuring the protection of whistleblowers is granted especially from the uncalled for criticisms. Therefore whistle blowing is just not an appealing activity but if the worse comes to worst then it has to be used to streamline those breaking ethics of a working environment. On ethical issues therefore before one decides to blow a whistle its advisable to get advice from the colleagues they trust most or even mentors. One can even consult an attorney so as to get information that is valuable in relation to the risks that they may face and also get a perspective that is external regarding the situation and gather enough evidence (Nair, 2002). All these steps aim at ensuring one is sure of what they are just about to do and not just doing it blindly and also they are prepared psychologically for nay consequences thereafter. Conclusion It takes a lot of courage to unmask the wrong doings of an organization or even the government by making them public. Regardless of the efforts made by whistleblowers most of them have had to face and deal with outcomes that in most cases are miserable. Its therefore preferable that the said organizations shun from corporate wrongdoing. If these misdeeds are done away with, there wouldnt be the need for whistleblowers in the society. Nevertheless the reality is that there will always be some form of wrongdoings especially in private sectors and their effects and damage to the society can only be prevented by the bold whistleblowers. Recently its been found out that there are more whistle blowing incidences compared to the past and this is partly attributed to the enactment of different laws that protect them. People have become more comfortable in shaming the wrongdoers and the society is becoming a little bit more tolerable. The business ethics and conducts have really improved as a result of such. However a lot still needs to be done when it comes to offering protection to them. Whistle blowing should therefore not in any way be equated to with some form of disagreements on which is the best way of dealing with a problem before the situation gets out of hand. References Hwang, D., Staley, B., Te Chen, Y., Lan, J. (2008). Confucian culture and whistle-blowing by professional accountants: an exploratory study. Managerial Auditing Journal, 23(5), 504 526. Brennan, N., Kelly, J. (2007). A study of whistle-blowing among trainee auditors. British Accounting Review, 39(1), 6187. Nair K, S.( 2002). The Ethicality of Whistleblowing and its implications for Human Resource Management. Indian Journal of Industriial Realtions. Salter, C. (2007). Jeffrey Wigand: The Whistle Blower. Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J. (2009). Whistle-blowing as planned behavior a survey of South Korean police officers. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(4), 545556. Nayyar, V. (2009). Corporate Ethics Isn't About Rules; It's About Honesty. Harvard Business Review. Malek, J. (2007). Moral judgment and the ideal intuitor: Dealing with moral confusion and moral disagreement. In Pluralistic Casuistry, Edited by: Cherry, M. and Iltis, A.Dordrecht. Varelius, J. (2009). Is whistle-blowing compatible with employee loyalty?. Journal of Business Ethics, 85: 263275. Gentile, M. C.( 2010). Giving Voice to Values: Speaking Your Mind When YouKnow What's Right. Business Ethics Magazine. Macey J. (2009). Getting the word out about fraud: a theoretical analysis of whistleblowing and insider trading. Seminar Paper, Item 5, Yale Law School, Yale University. Davis, M. (2012). Rewarding Whistleblwoers. International Journal of Applied Philosophy. Skivenes M. and Trygstad SC. (2010). When whistle-blowingworks: the Norwegian case. Human Relations 63(7): 10711097. Park H. (2007). Whistleblowing as planned behaviour: a survey of Korean Police. Seminar Paper, Division of Public Policy, College of Social Science, Chung-Ang University, Ansung-Si, Republic of Korea. Zhang J., Randy C. and Li-Qun W. (2009). On whistleblowing judgment and intention: the roles of positive mood and organizational ethical culture. Journal of Managerial Psychology 24(7): 627649. Devine, T. and Maassarani. T (2008). Running The Gauantlert: The Campaign for Credible Corpoarte Whislte-blower rights. Cassematis, P.G. and Wortley,R. (2013). Predicition of Whistleblowing or Non-Reporting Observation: The Role of personal and Situational factors.

Brain Hologram Metaphor Essay Research Paper Brain free essay sample

Brain ( Hologram ) Metaphor Essay, Research Paper Brain ( holograph ) Metaphor I. Introduction -Brain would be an obvious metaphor for organisation peculiarly if our concern is to better capacities for organisational intelligence. -Brain has been compared with a holographic system, one of the wonders of optical maser scientific discipline -Holography uses a lenseless camera to enter information in a manner that shops the whole in all the parts -interacting beams of light create an intervention form that scatters the information being recorded on a photographic home base, known as a holograph, which can so be illuminated to animate the original information. -one of the interesting characteristics of the holograph is that if it # 8217 ; s broken, any individual piece can be used to retrace the full image. -everything is enfolded into everything else. -holography demonstrates in a really concrete manner that it is possible to make procedures where the whole can be encoded in all the parts, so that each and every portion represents the whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Brain Hologram Metaphor Essay Research Paper Brain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ii. Brains and organisations as holographic systems -holographic character of the encephalon is most clearly reflected in the forms of connectivity through which each nervus cell is connected with 100s of 1000s of others, leting a system of working that is both generalised and specialised. Different parts of the encephalon seem to specialise in different activities, but the control and executing of specific behaviours is by no agencies every bit localized as was one time thought. Therefore, while we can separate between the maps performed by the cerebral mantle ( the captain or maestro contriver which controls all nonroutine activity, and possibly memory ) , the cerebellum ( the computing machine or automatic pilot taking attention of everyday activity ) , and the mid-brain ( the centre of feelings, odor, and emotion ) , we are obliged to acknowledge that they are all closely mutualist and capable of moving on behalf of each other when necessary. We besides know that right and left encephalons combine to bring forth forms of idea, and that the differentiation between the maps of these hemispheres as the spheres of originative and analytic capacities is accompanied by more general forms of connectivity. For illustration, the originative or analogical right encephalon is amply joined to the limbic system and the emotions. The rule of connectivity and generalised map is besides reflected in the manner nerve cells serve both as communicating channels and as a venue of specific activity or memory callback. It is believed that each nerve cell may be every bit complex as a little computing machine and capable of hive awaying huge sums of information. The form of rich connectivity between nerve cells allows coincident processing of information in different parts of the encephalon, a receptiveness to different sorts of information at one and the same clip, and an astonishing capacity to be cognizant of what is traveling on elsewhere. The secret of the encephalon # 821 7 ; s capacities seems to depend more on this connectivity, which is the footing of holographic diffusion, than of distinction of construction. The encephalon is composed of insistent units of the same sort ( there may merely be three basic types of encephalon cell ) , so that we find different maps being sustained by really similar constructions. The importance of connectivity in accounting for complexness of operation is besides reinforced by comparings between homo and animate being encephalons. For illustration, elephants have much larger encephalons than worlds, but they are by no agencies so amply joined. An interesting facet of his connectivity rests in the fact it creates a much greater grade of cross-connection and exchange than may be needed at any given clip. However, this redundancy is important for making holographic potency and for guaranting flexibleness in operation. The redundancy allows the encephalon to run in a probabilistic instead than a deterministic mode, all ows considerable room to suit random mistake, and creates an extra capacity that allows new activities and maps to develop. In other words, it facilitates the procedure of self-organisation whereby internal construction and operation can germinate along with altering fortunes. This self-organizing capacity has been demonstrated in legion ways. For illustration, when encephalon harm occurs it is non uncommon for different countries of the encephalon to take on the maps which have been impaired. The encephalon has this astonishing capacity to form and reorganise itself to cover with the eventualities it faces. Experiments have shown that the more we engage in a specific activity, e.g. playing tennis, typing, or reading, the more the encephalon adjusts itself to ease the sort of operation required. The simple thought that # 8220 ; pattern makes perfect # 8221 ; is underwritten by a complex capacity for self-organisation whereby the encephalon forges or revisions forms of neural activ ity. For illustration, experiments where monkeys were trained to utilize a finger to press a lever 1000s of times a twenty-four hours showed that the countries of the encephalon commanding that finger increased in size and changed in organisation. Our consciousness leads us to see the encephalon as a system which, in no little step, has played an of import function in planing itself in the class of development. Now, to our basic job: how can we utilize these penetrations about the holographic character of the encephalon to make organisations that are able to larn and self-organize in the mode of a encephalon? Our treatment provides many hints. For illustration, it suggests that by constructing forms of rich connectivity between similar parts we can make systems that are both specialised and generalized, and that are capable of reorganising internal construction and map as they learn to run into the challenges posed by new demands. The holographic rule has a great trade running in it s favour. For the capacities of the encephalon are already distributed throughout modern organisations. All the employees have encephalons, and computing machines are in kernel fake encephalons. In this sense, of import facets of the whole are already embodied in the parts. The development of more holographic, brainlike signifiers of organisation therefore rests in the realisation of a possible that already exists. III. Facilitating Self-organization: Principles of Holographic Design Get the whole into the parts. Create connectivity and redundancy. Create coincident specialisation and generalisation. Make a capacity to self-organize. These are things that have to be done to make holographic organisation. Our undertaking now is to analyze the agencies. Much can be learned from the manner the encephalon is organized, and much can be learned from cybernetic rules. Four interacting rules ( see chart ) The rule of excess map shows a agency of edifice wholes into parts by making redundanc y, connectivity, and coincident specialisation and generalisation. The rule of needed assortment helps to supply practical guidelines for the design of part-whole dealingss by demoing precisely how much of the whole demands to be built into a given portion. And the rules of larning to larn and minimum critical specification demo how we can heighten capacities for self-organisation. Any system with an ability to self-organize must hold an component of redundancy: a signifier of extra capacity which, suitably designed and used, creates room for manoeuvre. Without such redundancy, a system has no existent capacity to reflect on and oppugn how it is runing, and therefore to alter its manner of working in constructive ways. In other words, it has no capacity for intelligence in the sense of being able to set action to take history of alterations in the nature of relationships within which the action is set. Australian systems theoretician Fred Emery has suggested that there are two metho ds for planing redundancy into a system. The first involves redundancy of parts, where each portion is exactly designed to execute a specific map, particular parts being added to the system for the intent of control and to endorse up or replace operating parts whenever they fail. This design rule is mechanistic and the consequence is typically a hierarchal construction where one portion is responsible for commanding another. If we look around the organisational universe it is easy to see grounds of this sort of redundancy: the supervisor who spends his or her clip guaranting that others are working ; the care squad that # 8220 ; bases by # 8221 ; waiting for jobs to originate ; the employee lazily ephemeral clip because there # 8217 ; s no work to make ; employee X go throughing a petition to colleague Y # 8220 ; because that # 8217 ; s his occupation non mine # 8221 ; ; the quality accountant seeking for defects which, under a different system, could much more easy be rectifi ed by those who produced them. Under this design principle the capacity for redesign and alteration of the system rests with the parts assigned this map ; for illustration, production applied scientists, be aftering squads, and systems interior decorators. Such systems are organized and can be reorganized, but they have small capacity to self-organize. The 2nd design method incorporates a redundancy of maps. Alternatively of trim parts being added to a system, excess maps are added to each of the operating parts, so that each portion is able to prosecute in a scope of maps instead than merely execute a individual specialised activity. An illustration of this design rule is found in organisations using independent work groups, where members get multiple accomplishments so that they are able to execute each other # 8217 ; s occupations and replacement for each other as the demand arises. At any one clip, each member possesses accomplishments that are excess in the sense that they are non being used for the occupation at manus. However, this organisational design possesses flexibleness and a capacity for reorganisation within each and every portion of the system. Systems based on excess maps are holographic in that capacities relevant for the operation of the whole are built into the parts. This creates a wholly new relationship between portion and whole. In a design based on redundant parts, e.g. an assembly line where production worker, supervisors, efficiency experts, and quality accountants have fixed functions to execute, the whole is the amount of predesigned parts. In the holographic design, on the other manus, the parts reflect the nature of the whole, since they take their specific form at any one clip in relation to the eventualities and jobs originating in the entire state of affairs. When a job arises on an assembly-line it is typically viewed as # 8220 ; person else # 8217 ; s job, # 8221 ; since those runing the line frequently do non cognize, c are about, or have the authorization to cover with the jobs posed. Remedial action has to be initiated and controlled from elsewhere. A grade of passiveness and disregard is therefore built into the system. This contrasts with systems based on excess maps, where the nature of one # 8217 ; s occupation is set by the altering form of demands with which 1 is covering. Acerate leaf to state, the two design rules create qualitatively different relationships between people and their work. Under a system of excess parts engagement is partial and instrumental, and under the rule of excess map more holistic and all-absorbing. In implementing this sort of organisational design one inevitably runs into the inquiry, how much redundancy should be built into any given portion? While the holographic rule suggests that we should seek and construct everything into everything else, in many human systems this is an impossible ideal. For illustration, in many modern organisations the scope of cognitio n and accomplishments required is such that it is impossible for everybody to go skilled in everything. So what do we make? It is here that the thought of needed assortment becomes of import. This is the rule, originally formulated by the English cybernetician W. Ross Ashby, that suggests that the internal diverseness of any self-acting system must fit the assortment and complexness of its environment if it is to cover with the challenges posed by that environment. Or to set the affair somewhat otherwise, any control system must be as varied and complex as the environment being controlled. In the context of holographic design, this means that all elements of an organisation should incarnate critical dimensions of the environment with which they have to cover, so that they can self-organize to get by with the demands they are likely to confront. The rule of needed assortment therefore gives clear guidelines as to how the rule of excess maps would be applied. It suggests that redundan cy ( assortment ) should ever be built into a system where it is straight needed, instead than at a distance. This means that close attending must be paid to the boundary dealingss between organisational units and their environments, to guarantee that needed assortment ever falls within the unit in inquiry. What is the nature of the environment being faced? Can all the accomplishments for covering with this environment be possessed by every person? If so, so construct around multifunctioned people, as in the theoretical account of the independent work group discussed earlier. If non, so construct around multifunctioned squads that jointly possess the needed accomplishments and abilities and where each single member is every bit generalized as possible, making a form of overlapping accomplishments and cognition bases in the squad overall. It is here that we find a agency of get bying with the job that everybody can # 8217 ; t be skilled in everything. Organization can be developed i n a cellular mode around self-organizing, multidisciplined groups that have the needed accomplishments and abilities to cover with the environment in a holistic and incorporate manner. The rule of needed assortment has of import deductions for the design of about every facet of organisation. Whether we are speaking about the creative activity of a corporate planning group, a research section, or a work group in a mill, it argues in favour of a proactive embrace of the environment in all its diverseness. Very frequently directors do the contrary, cut downing assortment in order to accomplish greater internal consensus. For illustration, corporate planning squads are frequently built around people who think along the same lines, instead than around a diverse set of stakeholders who can really stand for the complexness of the jobs with which the squad finally has to cover. The rules of excess maps and needed assortment create systems that have a capacity for self-organisation. For this capacity to be realized and to presume consistent way, nevertheless, two further forming rules besides have to be kept in head: the rules of minimal critical specification and of larning to larn. The first of these rules reverses the bureaucratic rule that organisational agreements need to be defined as cle arly and every bit exactly as possible. For in trying to form in this manner one eliminates the capacity for self-organisation. The rule of minimal critical specification suggests that directors and organisational interior decorators should chiefly follow a facilitating or orchestrating function, making â€Å"enabling conditions† that allow a system to happen its ain signifier. It therefore has close links with the thought of â€Å"inquiry-driven action, † discussed earlier. One of the advantages of the rule of excess maps is that it creates a great trade of internal flexibleness. The more one attempts to stipulate or predesign what should happen, the more one erodes this flexibleness. The rule of minimal critical specification efforts to continue flexibleness by proposing that, in general, one should stipulate no more than is perfectly necessary for a peculiar activity to happen. For illustration, in running a meeting it may be necessary to hold person to chair the mee ting and to take notes, but it is non necessary to commit the procedure and have a president and a secretary. Functions can be allowed to alter and germinate harmonizing to fortunes. In a group or undertaking bureaucratic forms of fixed hierarchal leading can be replaced by a heterarchical form, where the dominant component at any given clip depends on the entire state of affairs. Different people can take the enterprise on different occasions harmonizing to the part they are able to do. Alternatively of doing functions clear and separate, functions can be left intentionally equivocal and overlapping, so that they can be clarified through pattern and enquiry. The basic thought is to make a state of affairs where enquiry instead than predesign provides the chief drive force. This helps to maintain organisation flexible and diversified, while capable of germinating construction sufficient and appropriate to cover with the jobs that arise. The rule of minimal critical specification the refore helps continue the capacities for self-organisation that bureaucratic rules normally erode. The danger of such flexibleness, nevertheless, is that it has the possible to go helter-skelter. This is why the rule of larning to larn must be developed as a 4th component of holographic design. As will be recalled from earlier treatment, a system’s capacity for consistent self-regulation and command depends on its ability to prosecute in procedures of single- and double-loop acquisition. These allow a system to steer itself with mention to a set of coherent values or norms, while oppugning whether these norms provide an appropriate footing for steering behaviour. For a holographic system to get integrating and coherency and to germinate in response to altering demands, these larning capacities must be actively encouraged. In an independent work group, for illustration, members must both value the activities in which they are engaged and the merchandises that they produce, and remain unfastened to the sorts of larning that let them to oppugn, challenge, and alter the design of these activities and merchandises. Given that there are so few preset regulations for steering behaviour, way and coherency must come from the group members themselves as they set and honor the shared values and norms that evolve along with altering fortunes. One of the most of import maps of those responsible for planing and pull offing the sort of â€Å"enabling conditions† referred to earlier is that of assisting to make a context that fosters this sort of shared individuality and learning orientation. Herbert Simon has suggested that hierarchy is the adaptative signifier for finite intelligence to presume in the face of complexness. He illustrates this rule with a narrative of two horologists. Both make good tickers, but one is far more successful because alternatively of piecing the tickers piece by piece as if he were constructing a mosaic, he constructs his tickers by organizing subassemblies of approximately 10 parts each, which can so be joined with other subassemblies to make subsystems of a higher order. These can so be assembled to organize the complete ticker. In other words, the successful horologist has discovered the rule of hierarchy. By forming in this manner the horologist can exert great control over the procedure of assembly and digest frequent breaks and reverses. He can therefore accomplish a much greater rate of productiveness than his rival, who, when interrupted, has to get down all over once more. It can be shown mathematically that if the ticker comprises a 1000 parts, and the assembly procedure is interrupted an norm of one time in every hundred piecing operations, the mosaic method will take four 1000 times longer than the systems attack to piece a individual ticker. Simon uses the parable to exemplify the importance of hierarchy in complex systems, and to reason that systems will germinate much more quickly if there are s table intermediate signifiers. Cybernetician W. Ross Ashby has made the similar point that no complex adaptive system can win in accomplishing a steady province in a sensible period of clip unless the procedure can happen subsystem by subsystem, each subsystem being comparatively independent of the others. The same is true of self-organizing systems. If their organisation is wholly random they will take an about infinite sum of clip to finish any complex undertaking. If, nevertheless, they use their liberty to larn how to happen appropriate forms of connectivity, they can develop a singular ability to happen fresh and progressively progressive solutions to complex jobs. Such systems typically find and adopt a form graded in a hierarchal mode, in that sets of subsystems link to higher-order systems, but the form is emergent instead than imposed. The rules of holographic organisation effort to make the conditions through which such forms of order can emerge. Brain ( holograph ) Metaph or I. Introduction -Brain would be an obvious metaphor for organisation peculiarly if our concern is to better capacities for organisational intelligence. -Brain has been compared with a holographic system, one of the wonders of optical maser scientific discipline -Holography uses a lenseless camera to enter information in a manner that shops the whole in all the parts -interacting beams of light create an intervention form that scatters the information being recorded on a photographic home base, known as a holograph, which can so be illuminated to animate the original information. -one of the interesting characteristics of the holograph is that if it’s broken, any individual piece can be used to retrace the full image. -everything is enfolded into everything else. -holography demonstrates in a really concrete manner that it is possible to make procedures where the whole can be encoded in all the parts, so that each and every portion represents the whole. Ii. Brains and organ isations as holographic systems -holographic character of the encephalon is most clearly reflected in the forms of connectivity through which each nervus cell is connected with 100s of 1000s of others, leting a system of working that is both generalised and specialised. Different parts of the encephalon seem to specialise in different activities, but the control and executing of specific behaviours is by no agencies every bit localized as was one time thought. Therefore, while we can separate between the maps performed by the cerebral mantle ( the captain or maestro contriver which controls all nonroutine activity, and possibly memory ) , the cerebellum ( the computing machine or automatic pilot taking attention of everyday activity ) , and the mid-brain ( the centre of feelings, odor, and emotion ) , we are obliged to acknowledge that they are all closely mutualist and capable of moving on behalf of each other when necessary. We besides know that right and left encephalons combine to bring forth forms of idea, and that the differentiation between the maps of these hemispheres as the spheres of originative and analytic capacities is accompanied by more general forms of connectivity. For illustration, the originative or analogical right encephalon is amply joined to the limbic system and the emotions. The rule of connectivity and generalised map is besides reflected in the manner nerve cells serve both as communicating channels and as a venue of specific activity or memory callback. It is believed that each nerve cell may be every bit complex as a little computing machine and capable of hive awaying huge sums of information. The form of rich connectivity between nerve cells allows coincident processing of information in different parts of the encephalon, a receptiveness to different sorts of information at one and the same clip, and an astonishing capacity to be cognizant of what is traveling on elsewhere. The secret of the brain’s capacities seems to de pend more on this connectivity, which is the footing of holographic diffusion, than of distinction of construction. The encephalon is composed of insistent units of the same sort ( there may merely be three basic types of encephalon cell ) , so that we find different maps being sustained by really similar constructions. The importance of connectivity in accounting for complexness of operation is besides reinforced by comparings between homo and animate being encephalons. For illustration, elephants have much larger encephalons than worlds, but they are by no agencies so amply joined. An interesting facet of his connectivity rests in the fact it creates a much greater grade of cross-connection and exchange than may be needed at any given clip. However, this redundancy is important for making holographic potency and for guaranting flexibleness in operation. The redundancy allows the encephalon to run in a probabilistic instead than a deterministic mode, allows considerable room to sui t random mistake, and creates an extra capacity that allows new activities and maps to develop. In other words, it facilitates the procedure of self-organisation whereby internal construction and operation can germinate along with altering fortunes. This self-organizing capacity has been demonstrated in legion ways. For illustration, when encephalon harm occurs it is non uncommon for different countries of the encephalon to take on the maps which have been impaired. The encephalon has this astonishing capacity to form and reorganise itself to cover with the eventualities it faces. Experiments have shown that the more we engage in a specific activity, e.g. playing tennis, typing, or reading, the more the encephalon adjusts itself to ease the sort of operation required. The simple thought that â€Å"practice makes perfect† is underwritten by a complex capacity for self-organisation whereby the encephalon forges or revisions forms of neural activity. For illustration, experiment s where monkeys were trained to utilize a finger to press a lever 1000s of times a twenty-four hours showed that the countries of the encephalon commanding that finger increased in size and changed in organisation. Our consciousness leads us to see the encephalon as a system which, in no little step, has played an of import function in planing itself in the class of development. Now, to our basic job: how can we utilize these penetrations about the holographic character of the encephalon to make organisations that are able to larn and self-organize in the mode of a encephalon? Our treatment provides many hints. For illustration, it suggests that by constructing forms of rich connectivity between similar parts we can make systems that are both specialised and generalized, and that are capable of reorganising internal construction and map as they learn to run into the challenges posed by new demands. The holographic rule has a great trade running in its favour. For the capacities of t he encephalon are already distributed throughout modern organisations. All the employees have encephalons, and computing machines are in kernel fake encephalons. In this sense, of import facets of the whole are already embodied in the parts. The development of more holographic, brainlike signifiers of organisation therefore rests in the realisation of a possible that already exists. III. Facilitating Self-organization: Principles of Holographic Design Get the whole into the parts. Create connectivity and redundancy. Create coincident specialisation and generalisation. Make a capacity to self-organize. These are things that have to be done to make holographic organisation. Our undertaking now is to analyze the agencies. Much can be learned from the manner the encephalon is organized, and much can be learned from cybernetic rules. Four interacting rules ( see chart ) The rule of excess map shows a agency of edifice wholes into parts by making redundancy, connectivity, and coincident s pecialisation and generalisation. The rule of needed assortment helps to supply practical guidelines for the design of part-whole dealingss by demoing precisely how much of the whole demands to be built into a given portion. And the rules of larning to larn and minimum critical specification demo how we can heighten capacities for self-organisation. Any system with an ability to self-organize must hold an component of redundancy: a signifier of extra capacity which, suitably designed and used, creates room for manoeuvre. Without such redundancy, a system has no existent capacity to reflect on and oppugn how it is runing, and therefore to alter its manner of working in constructive ways. In other words, it has no capacity for intelligence in the sense of being able to set action to take history of alterations in the nature of relationships within which the action is set. Australian systems theoretician Fred Emery has suggested that there are two methods for planing redundancy into a system. The first involves redundancy of parts, where each portion is exactly designed to execute a specific map, particular parts being added to the system for the intent of control and to endorse up or replace operating parts whenever they fail. This design rule is mechanistic and the consequence is typically a hierarchal construction where one portion is responsible for commanding another. If we look around the organisational universe it is easy to see grounds of this sort of redundancy: the supervisor who spends his or her clip guaranting that others are working ; the care squad that â€Å"stands by† waiting for jobs to originate ; the employee lazily ephemeral clip because there’s no work to make ; employee X go throughing a petition to colleague Y â€Å"because that’s his occupation non mine† ; the quality accountant seeking for defects which, under a different system, could much more easy be rectified by those who produced them. Under this design p rinciple the capacity for redesign and alteration of the system rests with the parts assigned this map ; for illustration, production applied scientists, be aftering squads, and systems interior decorators. Such systems are organized and can be reorganized, but they have small capacity to self-organize. The Se 337

Did Truman simply want the black vote Essays

Did Truman simply want the black vote Essays Did Truman simply want the black vote Essay Did Truman simply want the black vote Essay Essay Topic: Best Worst American Stories When Harry Truman came to power in 1945 his policies were very much associated with black civil rights, in this assignment we must establish whether he simply just wanted the black vote or whether there were underlying reasons for his association and his appealing to the black voters. Truman was born and raised in the state of Missouri which had a large white population and a small black population, it would have been unusual for Harry Truman not to be a racist. The environment he grew up in was very racist and his own ancestors had owned slaves, many of the blacks in the state of Missouri were also previously slaves. Previous to 1944 Truman did not need the black vote to win, no need to court the black vote. Roosevelt in 1944 was looking for a vice president, Truman got the position and for the first time had to appeal to the whole of the USA, therefore he had to court the black vote. It was possibly the first time that the black vote actually accounted for something (franchisement- the right to vote). Then in 1945 when President Roosevelt died, Truman became president, at first he was not helpful to blacks. In 1948 the presidential election was held and it was then that Truman really pushed his civil rights policies, possibly to win the black vote. To win the election he needed to secure at least 270 votes. There are 538 votes in the Electoral College and the candidate who wins the vote in each state receives all of the electoral votes assigned to that state. Each state has a number of Electoral College votes equal to the number of senators it has plus the number of members of the House of Representatives it has (which is dependant upon the population of the state). New York, Illinois and Michigan were the three most important (northern) states in the election process because they had a large black population. It was these three black communities which Truman needed to convince to vote for him, in order for him to become president, they were the deciding states as it were. His rival was Strom Thurmond a republican, who was an overt racist whereas Truman was a democrat. His plan was flaw proof, by offering civil rights to the blacks in the Dixie-southern states and those in the two most important northern states would win him the presidency. This action shows the great influence that Trumans policies had on the black voters. It cannot be argued that in no means can it possibly be due to his need for the black vote, the fact is it was to do with votes. In the election Truman carried an unprecedented two-thirds of the black vote. He did however lose the Dixiecrat vote, which was probably significantly as large as the black vote. However this does not entirely explain his support for civil rights, there were a number of other factors which played a part in his support. In 1945 the cold war took place, an ideological conflict between the USA and the USSR followed. Both super powers were involved in a global power struggle and both had the potential to control the entire world. The USA believed the whole world should adopt their capitalist system and at the same time the USSR believed the world should adopt their communist system. In 1945 the USSR and Mongolia were both communist run countries but between 1945 and 1948 Poland, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia and China were a new list of countries that Russia had liberated forced to become communist, in the global power struggle. Americans became terrified that the world would become communist and that they would be swamped. Americans did not want to be part of a communist country because it would mean all their wealth would have to be shared, industry would be state-owned not privately owned and elections would be a one-party dictatorship with all candidates belonging to the communist party. The Americans embarked upon a red witch hunt an attack on all communist countries. Truman firmly believed that equality was vital in maintaining Americas moral standing in the Cold War world. So Truman may have been eager to gain equality for all Americans, to stand tall against the USSR, in the global power struggle. Truman may have also been backing black civil rights for the sole reason to protect the Americans national reputation conscience, he believed that there should be an end to lynching, the poll tax and inequality in education and employment. It was clear that he was motivated by the desire to do what was best for America, alongside the other factors which contributed to his policies. Truman was a racist but tried to be fair. He did not seek social equality for blacks but he wanted legal equality, which he saw as a black mans basic right, because he is a human being and a natural born American. It was clear he was still representing the Missouri voters. He was especially horrified by the attacks on black servicemen returning from World War II, the worst occurred in the Deep South where Negro soldiers had just returned from overseas and were dumped out of army trucks in Missouri and beaten Truman remarked that these stories turned his stomach. His opinion on education for blacks was that if they were better educated that it would benefit the economy and in turn help all Americans, he told black democrats of this belief. His ideas were deliberately misrepresented. His advocacy for equality of opportunity was interpreted as miscegenation and integration, which was unprecedented. Integrated political meetings, which he conducted in southern states, caused serious violence. Idealism was an important element in his actions, this was seen when he put his life on the line. When The Ku Klux Klan surrounded a several thousand strong crowd, at a meeting but dared not attack because 100 armed blacks stood alongside them. Truman recognised that regardless of race the respect for the law was at sake. In the case of a white person being violent towards a black person, in whom they were not punished led to the belief and idea that the law was more lenient on the white community. Therefore it was likely that the whites would abuse the law and lose all respect for it. Also those whites, who saw little help for those black people being attacked, would lose their trust in the law to support them in times of need. The nation would lose pride in their justice system. However, privately Truman would still refer to blacks as niggers, his sister even claimed that Harry is no more for nigger equality than any of us. This paints a different picture to how he was regarded by his public. The question being analysed has a very open ended answer, as it is quite possible that President Truman was motivated by the black vote, respect for the law, humane repugnance at racist attacks, personal veracity and his insight into what was good for his country at the time and its proclaimed leadership of the free world against communism, which veered Truman toward support of greater equality for blacks. However, ultimately he supported civil rights so strongly, it could be claimed that it was simply to win the black vote and as a result gain power of the country that he had been brought up in. the definitive reward, which he longed for, a famous name all around the world and a place in history. Still there remains to be strong enough evidence to prove that Trumans motivation was not purely political. Therefore Trumans association with black civil rights was not totally motivated by his want for the black vote but as a result of a combination of reasons.

Operations Management course. Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations Management course. Memo - Case Study Example Although CX Technologies has been able to maintain its position in the market, growth has plateaued and with the incoming recession, business is set to go down further. Bhole e.al states that the company’s expansion into the Asian market recently and considering the positive outcomes of this expansion, the probability of succeeding into the automotive industry is high (7-8). According to observers, the automotive industry faces a bleak future, considering that many people are more apprehensive about rising gas prices, a factor that has led to lower vehicle purchases. The situation has been aggravated by the fact that the largest three manufactures have approached the government in search of caution against the recession. According to Bhole et.al, possibilities for success are raised by the sheer size of the industry in the United States is a major motivating factor in this expansion (7). This allows for CX Technology to penetrate the market and offer competitively lower prices, since the company’s personnel are enough to provide the needed labor. With branches in Asia already, the company is in a good position to tap into the Chinese market and take advantage of the growing economy and demand for automobiles. This is a risky project because it puts the entire future of the company at stake. If the decision is made to follow up with the plan, then the company risks running bankrupt, especially considering the current recession. If the proposal into expand to the automotive industry is passed, then feasibility studies need to be undertaken as soon as possible. The company’s entire workforce is to be notified about the new enterprise, so as to be prepared to provide the necessary labor. In conclusion, every business needs to take a risk once in a while and test new opportunities; otherwise it risks stagnation and monotony. Venturing into the automotive industry seems like a worthwhile risk for CX Technology, in an effort to grow the company’s

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of Essay

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of life on planet earth - Essay Example The baseball game at Fenway Park is one of the most spectacular sports played in the field, a form of entertainment that yearly will flood the stadium with thousands of spectators who are certified baseball enthusiasts. Although some of them are just mere spectators with no particular affinity for a baseball game, they will always find themselves entertained with the game. This is because the baseball game at Fenway Park is already a historic event and a significant part of the human life on earth, as sports cannot be separated from the lives of the people. In the first place, people on earth have the affinity for not only being entertained with the actual sports, but on finding who will win in the game, or the best at playing the sports. The winners in every sport are usually considered the best. Therefore, every player definitely would want to win. In particular, many spectators are looking forward to how the Boston Red Sox would defeat their opponents and bring home the victory. O n the other side, the opponents of Boston Red Sox are thinking the same thing, and so they have in mind to play their best and for them to bring home the trophy. Baseball is a bat-and-ball game. This is a kind of game that is played not only by a one individual, but a team which is composed of nine players. The game is to be played by two competing teams, having nine players each. In every game, one team must be assigned for batting and the other for fielding. The team in batting should hit the ball thrown by the pitcher assigned coming from the fielding team, so that the players in the batting team can run counterclockwise around the arrays of four bases arranged separately at a specific but equal distance in the field in a diamond-like shape. The goal of the fielding team is to achieve three outs from the batting team, by eliminating possible runs from the batting team to the bases.

Importance of Environmental Care in Business

Importance of Environmental Care in Business The partners There are numerous significant choices which were touched base at when the unexpected mishap happened. The events and occasions that took place amid the occurrence ended the life of various people. The partners, for this situation, involve each who was influenced by the activities that happened amid the mishap. This incorporate; workers of Amtrak, the organization itself, its clients who were on the prepare, the railroad line proprietors, the holder of the towboat, the team and the skipper of the watercraft, the administration manufacturer of the scaffold, and the drift watch. The interests of the partners There are different advantages that the partners specified had. One of the interests is that they expected arrangement of security and insurance. Because representatives, their enthusiasm for the association is that they ought to be given generous compensations which coordinate with the administrations which they offer in the gathering. Additionally, employer stability and fulfillment is another intrigue which the specified partners may have towards the association. For the administration, its advantage is to guarantee that the representatives are ensured and that the specialists are shielded from any unsafe demonstrations. Additionally, the legislature has an enthusiasm for ensuring that the workers are not abused. The vast part of the corporate social duty falls under Amtrak since it is the primary partners. In any case, different partners had a role to play in regards to corporate social obligation. There are four angles which relate to the corporate social responsibility of the various partners amid the event of the mishaps. These incorporate; moral, legitimate, monetary and magnanimous. Corporate social duty In the ethical viewpoint, Amtrak has a social duty of guaranteeing that the social group where the occurrence happened is adjusted. After the mischance, it is the responsibility of the association to ensure that all individuals who were influenced unintentionally are paid. Additionally, they ought to make sure that the requirements of different people are met. Additionally, Amtrak ought to work towards upgrading its open connections. It ought to likewise put new decides that will restrain the event of the mischance. The administration additionally has one of the partners has a part to play in regards to the episode. Since it is entrusted with the obligation of securing the representatives, it ought to work towards observing if Amtrak has utilized qualified faculty in the association to guarantee that the clients are given sufficient administrations. In the lawful angles, there are a variety of aspects that ought to be put into thought. Amtrak ought to consider researching the reason for the crash. In that capacity, it ought to remunerate the families whose individuals kicked the bucket in the mischance. It ought to likewise react to the claims that are probably going to develop after the event of the crash. In the episode, it is apparent to illustrate that the reason for the mishap was not strikingly discovered. This is because the tugboat commander and the individual in charge of working the train were not in charge of the crash. Despite the way that the association was not lawfully in charge of the event of the mishap, it ought to assume its part of repaying its representatives. The administration likewise has a legitimate obligation of guaranteeing that the property of the people required in the mischance is not altered. In the financial perspective, Amtrak has a duty of ensuring both its partners and stockholders. Uniquely, the proprietors of the association who are the stockholders are probably going to be influenced more therefore of the mishap. All things considered, they will be changed with respect to back. Hence it is the duty of Amtrak to guarantee that the proprietors, representatives and the travelers are protected. The travelers ought to likewise be adjusted. Since Amtrak shapes a huge part of the financial cosmetics of the U.S, the occurrence is probably going to influence the stock exchange. It is, in this way, primary that the association guarantees that it concocts stringent measures to keep away from the unsettling power of the market and losing of significant financial specialists from the monetary structure. Concerning liberal perspective, it will-will fit for the administration, proprietors of Amtrak, the clients, and all the specified partners to hold hands and think of a philanthropy store that will help in the financing of the people who endured the tragedy. Moreover, an activity they ought to cooperate in helping the encompassing group. Conclusions and proposals Summarily, it is fundamental to bring up that the partners required in the occurrence activities in reacting to the social obligation to the encompassing group. From the perspectives recorded over the partners ought to guarantee that every one of them has a generous impact in alleviating the dangers related with the mischance. Additionally, they ought to ensure that they errand all the conceivable measures that will help in decreasing the risks of mishap event. Consequently, they ought to guarantee that the legal, moral, monetary and generous viewpoints. All things considered the partners will assume their parts in corporate social duty. References Halbert, T. (2015). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment, 8th Edition. [Kaplan]. Retrieved from https://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781305483125/, Garner, A. Huff, W. (1997). The Wreck of Amtraks Sunset Limited: News Coverage of a Mass Transport Disaster. Disasters, 21(1), 4-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00041